Works Cited
Primary Sources:
Galen. On the Natural Faculties. Digital file. This was a medical book written by Galen before Paracelsus' time, so it is a primary source. This source was useful to me because it provided information about the medical practices of the time before Paracelsus.
Hohenheim, Theophrastus Bombastus von. Letter. 5 June 1527. TS. This letter is a primary source written by Paracelsus, and it is a letter from him to his students concerning the scientific teachings of his fellow scholars. This source was helpful and gave insight to Paracelsus' views of the world and people around him. It was found in the book, "Science and Technology in World history: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution" written by David Deming.
Paracelsus. The Hermetic and Alchemical Writings of Paracelsus. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Amazon. Web. 10 Jan. 2015. <http://www.amazon.com/Hermetic-Alchemical-Writings-Paracelsus-Forgotten/dp/1605060380/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1420905322&sr=8-2&keywords=the+hermetic+and+alchemical+writings+of+paracelsus#reader_1605060380>. This was a work written by Paracelsus about all of his medical findings. This source was helpful in that Paracelsus described his own feelings and opinions on medicine, so the readers can get a better perspective on Paracelsus' medical ideas and feelings of the time.
Secondary Sources:
Deming, David. The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Vol. 3 of Science and Technology in World History. Google Books. Web. 7 Jan. 2015. <https://books.google.com/books?id=lXGEXih4yLYC&lpg=PA276&ots=Gwb6B9WfK0&dq=%22Paracelsus%3A%20Selected%20Writings%22&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q=Paracelsus&f=false>. This source contained many direct quotes from Paracelsus, which allowed me to get a different perspective on his life. This was not a difficult source to read, and I got much information from it.
Grell, Ole Peter, ed. Paraclesus: The an and His Reputation, His Ideas and Their Transformation. N.p.: n.p., 1998. Google Books. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <https://books.google.com/books?id=_m1Mf52bK70C&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:9789004111776&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZY6TVK2jIc-0oQTIwYGACw&ved=0CCEQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=Paracelsus&f=false>. This is not a difficult read. The author tries to portray both sides of the history that he is documenting, and he aims to display an unbiased perspective. Lots of facts are given. This source was very informative to me. This book also aims to dispel myths about the topic and give examples about what is true about the topic.
Leith, Sam. "The Luther of medicine?" Spectator (4 Feb. 2006): 416. World History in Context. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. This source is not very dense with information, but it gives some important facts. The goal of this source is to give some background information about the topic, but not to go into too much depth. This source was directed at the reading level of a middle school student. It was a biased magazine report, and seemed to have the intent of changing the opinion of the reader.
Luft, Eric V. D. "Paracelsus." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 3: 1450 to 1699. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 197-198. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Dec. 2014. This source is not a difficult read, and mainly provided factual evidence. It was a unbiased source, and its purpose was to provide information with little opinion. It does not go into much depth; it is just an overview and summary of Paracelsus' life.
Moran, Bruce T. "Paracelsus (1493/94–1541)." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Ed. Jonathan Dewald. Vol. 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. 392-394. World History in Context. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. This source is very dense with information, and the level of difficulty is moderate to advance: probably targeted at a high school-level reader. This paper is unbiased, and goes into great detail on facts. This source is an encyclopedia entry.
Nummedal, Tara. "Paracelsus: Medicine, Magic and Mission at the End of Time." Renaissance Quarterly 62.3 (2009): n. pag. JSTOR. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/647461?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoAdvancedResults%3Fsd%3D%26amp%3Bc4%3DAND%26amp%3Bc2%3DAND%26amp%3Bq2%3D%26amp%3Bf3%3Dall%26amp%3Bc3%3DAND%26amp%3Bc5%3DAND%26amp%3Bq4%3D%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bf1%3Dall%26amp%3Bq0%3DParacelsus%26amp%3Bc6%3DAND%26amp%3Bq6%3D%26amp%3Bla%3D%26amp%3Bf0%3Dall%26amp%3Bf6%3Dall%26amp%3Bf2%3Dall%26amp%3Bf4%3Dall%26amp%3Bf5%3Dall%26amp%3Bed%3D%26amp%3Bq3%3D%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bc1%3DAND%26amp%3Bq5%3D%26amp%3Bpt%3D%26amp%3Bisbn%3D%26amp%3Bq1%3D%26amp%3Bvf%3Djo>. This journal article is of moderate reading difficulty. It has a slightly biased approach to explaining facts, however it did not seem to have the intention of changing the reader's opinion. It was a more informational source, and it was dense with information.
"Paracelsus." Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. Ed. Paul F. Grendler. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2000. World History in Context. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. This source was an encyclopedia entry. The purpose of this entry was to provide an unbiased and fairly brief summary on Paracelsus' life and discoveries. It is not a difficult read, and is written maybe for middle to high school students. It begins with brief facts, then goes more into depth further along.
Williams, Gerhild Scholz, and Charles D. Gunnoe, Jr. Paracelsian Moments: Science, Medicine and Astrology in Early Modern Europe. Kirksville, MO: Truman State UP, 2002. Questia Online Library. Web. 16 Dec. 2014. <https://www.questiaschool.com/read/118833805/paracelsian-moments-science-medicine-and-astrology>. The author of this source has a slightly biased view on Paracelsus and his discoveries. I mainly used the introduction of the book, and its purpose was to provide background on Paracelsus' life, however, the author includes some opinion on many of Paracelsus' life choices. The portion of the book that I used did not go very into depth on the material, but instead, gave a brief outline and summary.
Images/Videos:
Aristotle Sculpture. PhilOttowa. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. <http://philottawa.blogspot.com/2014/01/aristotle-on-levels-of-explanation-in.html>. This is a photograph of a sculpture of a famous philosopher, and it was very useful to me. I put it into my timeline to more thoroughly display the context of Paracelsus' time period.
Aulus Aurelius Cornelius Celsus. N.d. Our Dermatology Online. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://www.odermatol.com/issue-in-html/2011-2-11-eponyms-c/>. This is an image of the man that Paracelsus named himself after. This helps the reader to understand who Paracelsus was as a person in comparison to who he strived to be.
Crusades. N.d. Letters from a Skeptic. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. <https://lettersfromaskeptic.wordpress.com/discussion-board/>. This source was similar to a blog, and was more reliable for a painting than for information. I used this image as context in my timeline.
Flinn Scientific. Basic Principles of Toxicology. YouTube. N.p., 3 Nov. 2012. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbOPLBYGKs8>. This video comes from a YouTube channel that focuses on teaching Chemistry. They are teaching one of the ideas that Paracelsus developed, which exemplifies how his discoveries are still being used today.
French Revolution. N.d. European Trips. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. <http://europeantrips.org/history-of-paris-france.html>. This website was more reliable for obtaining an image than it was for obtaining information because it was designed to help plan trips. This picture is useful to me, and I will use it in my timeline to give context.
Galen of Pergamum. N.d. National Library of Medicine. 192922. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223895/Galen-of-Pergamum>. I used this lithograph to show Galen, one of the people who was widely believed at the time. The purpose of including this photograph is so that people can become more connected with the people of the time, as well as understand why people might be inclined to believe his theories.
Galen of Pergamum. N.d. National Library of Medicine. 192922. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223895/Galen-of-Pergamum>. I used this lithograph to show Galen, one of the people who was widely believed at the time. The purpose of including this photograph is so that people can become more connected with the people of the time, as well as understand why people might be inclined to believe his theories.
Kerckring, Theodoor, and Antimony Thriumph Wagen. "Paracelsus, Archidoxis Magicae." The Ritman Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://www.ritmanlibrary.com/2012/12/adam-mclean-about-alchemy-on-the-amstel/screen-shot-2012-12-12-at-16-09-34/>. This is a photograph taken of Paracelsus' written work, the Archidoxis. This image allows the reader to better visualize the book, as well as other written works of the time period.
La Royalle Chymie. N.d. The Alchemy Web Site. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. <http://www.levity.com/alchemy/paracelsus_portraits.html>. This source was reliable and had many different images of Paracelsus. This was helpful because I used it in my timeline for context.
Paracelus. N.d. Aetherforce. Web. 10 Jan. 2015. <http://aetherforce.com/paracelsus-the-radical-alchemist-by-alan-g-hefner/>. I used this painting of Paracelsus for my background. Different paintings portray Paracelsus very differently, however this is painted from when he was older.
Paracelsus. N.d. Illustration. Louvre Museum. Paris. This is a painting of Paracelsus, however, he is portrayed very differently in each image that I have found on him. This picture allows the reader to better envision Paracelsus in his story.
Helmont, Flemish Mattheus van. The Alchemist. N.d. Photograph. Fisher Collection. This is an image of a medical practice that Paracelsus laid the foundation for in his metallurgy. This ended up being the basis for chemotherapy, and this painting demonstrates how Paracelsus' ideas were so advanced.
Coln. Paracelsus Holding Sword. 1567. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/paracelsus/introduction.html>. This is an image of Paracelsus that I am using as one of my first pictures. This image portrays Paracelsus as more of a human figure, rather than just a figure in a story, which allows the reader to more closely connect with him.
Printing Press. N.d. Blank Chapters. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. <http://www.blankchapters.com/2012/09/02/tools-that-changed-our-civilization-and-our-minds/#sthash.khep5Jsj.dpbs>. This came from a reliable source that gave lots of information about ancient inventions. I used this image to give perspective and context on the time period for my timeline.
Primary Sources:
Galen. On the Natural Faculties. Digital file. This was a medical book written by Galen before Paracelsus' time, so it is a primary source. This source was useful to me because it provided information about the medical practices of the time before Paracelsus.
Hohenheim, Theophrastus Bombastus von. Letter. 5 June 1527. TS. This letter is a primary source written by Paracelsus, and it is a letter from him to his students concerning the scientific teachings of his fellow scholars. This source was helpful and gave insight to Paracelsus' views of the world and people around him. It was found in the book, "Science and Technology in World history: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution" written by David Deming.
Paracelsus. The Hermetic and Alchemical Writings of Paracelsus. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Amazon. Web. 10 Jan. 2015. <http://www.amazon.com/Hermetic-Alchemical-Writings-Paracelsus-Forgotten/dp/1605060380/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1420905322&sr=8-2&keywords=the+hermetic+and+alchemical+writings+of+paracelsus#reader_1605060380>. This was a work written by Paracelsus about all of his medical findings. This source was helpful in that Paracelsus described his own feelings and opinions on medicine, so the readers can get a better perspective on Paracelsus' medical ideas and feelings of the time.
Secondary Sources:
Deming, David. The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Vol. 3 of Science and Technology in World History. Google Books. Web. 7 Jan. 2015. <https://books.google.com/books?id=lXGEXih4yLYC&lpg=PA276&ots=Gwb6B9WfK0&dq=%22Paracelsus%3A%20Selected%20Writings%22&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q=Paracelsus&f=false>. This source contained many direct quotes from Paracelsus, which allowed me to get a different perspective on his life. This was not a difficult source to read, and I got much information from it.
Grell, Ole Peter, ed. Paraclesus: The an and His Reputation, His Ideas and Their Transformation. N.p.: n.p., 1998. Google Books. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <https://books.google.com/books?id=_m1Mf52bK70C&printsec=frontcover&dq=isbn:9789004111776&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZY6TVK2jIc-0oQTIwYGACw&ved=0CCEQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=Paracelsus&f=false>. This is not a difficult read. The author tries to portray both sides of the history that he is documenting, and he aims to display an unbiased perspective. Lots of facts are given. This source was very informative to me. This book also aims to dispel myths about the topic and give examples about what is true about the topic.
Leith, Sam. "The Luther of medicine?" Spectator (4 Feb. 2006): 416. World History in Context. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. This source is not very dense with information, but it gives some important facts. The goal of this source is to give some background information about the topic, but not to go into too much depth. This source was directed at the reading level of a middle school student. It was a biased magazine report, and seemed to have the intent of changing the opinion of the reader.
Luft, Eric V. D. "Paracelsus." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 3: 1450 to 1699. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 197-198. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Dec. 2014. This source is not a difficult read, and mainly provided factual evidence. It was a unbiased source, and its purpose was to provide information with little opinion. It does not go into much depth; it is just an overview and summary of Paracelsus' life.
Moran, Bruce T. "Paracelsus (1493/94–1541)." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Ed. Jonathan Dewald. Vol. 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. 392-394. World History in Context. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. This source is very dense with information, and the level of difficulty is moderate to advance: probably targeted at a high school-level reader. This paper is unbiased, and goes into great detail on facts. This source is an encyclopedia entry.
Nummedal, Tara. "Paracelsus: Medicine, Magic and Mission at the End of Time." Renaissance Quarterly 62.3 (2009): n. pag. JSTOR. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/647461?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoAdvancedResults%3Fsd%3D%26amp%3Bc4%3DAND%26amp%3Bc2%3DAND%26amp%3Bq2%3D%26amp%3Bf3%3Dall%26amp%3Bc3%3DAND%26amp%3Bc5%3DAND%26amp%3Bq4%3D%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bf1%3Dall%26amp%3Bq0%3DParacelsus%26amp%3Bc6%3DAND%26amp%3Bq6%3D%26amp%3Bla%3D%26amp%3Bf0%3Dall%26amp%3Bf6%3Dall%26amp%3Bf2%3Dall%26amp%3Bf4%3Dall%26amp%3Bf5%3Dall%26amp%3Bed%3D%26amp%3Bq3%3D%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bc1%3DAND%26amp%3Bq5%3D%26amp%3Bpt%3D%26amp%3Bisbn%3D%26amp%3Bq1%3D%26amp%3Bvf%3Djo>. This journal article is of moderate reading difficulty. It has a slightly biased approach to explaining facts, however it did not seem to have the intention of changing the reader's opinion. It was a more informational source, and it was dense with information.
"Paracelsus." Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. Ed. Paul F. Grendler. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2000. World History in Context. Web. 11 Dec. 2014. This source was an encyclopedia entry. The purpose of this entry was to provide an unbiased and fairly brief summary on Paracelsus' life and discoveries. It is not a difficult read, and is written maybe for middle to high school students. It begins with brief facts, then goes more into depth further along.
Williams, Gerhild Scholz, and Charles D. Gunnoe, Jr. Paracelsian Moments: Science, Medicine and Astrology in Early Modern Europe. Kirksville, MO: Truman State UP, 2002. Questia Online Library. Web. 16 Dec. 2014. <https://www.questiaschool.com/read/118833805/paracelsian-moments-science-medicine-and-astrology>. The author of this source has a slightly biased view on Paracelsus and his discoveries. I mainly used the introduction of the book, and its purpose was to provide background on Paracelsus' life, however, the author includes some opinion on many of Paracelsus' life choices. The portion of the book that I used did not go very into depth on the material, but instead, gave a brief outline and summary.
Images/Videos:
Aristotle Sculpture. PhilOttowa. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. <http://philottawa.blogspot.com/2014/01/aristotle-on-levels-of-explanation-in.html>. This is a photograph of a sculpture of a famous philosopher, and it was very useful to me. I put it into my timeline to more thoroughly display the context of Paracelsus' time period.
Aulus Aurelius Cornelius Celsus. N.d. Our Dermatology Online. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://www.odermatol.com/issue-in-html/2011-2-11-eponyms-c/>. This is an image of the man that Paracelsus named himself after. This helps the reader to understand who Paracelsus was as a person in comparison to who he strived to be.
Crusades. N.d. Letters from a Skeptic. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. <https://lettersfromaskeptic.wordpress.com/discussion-board/>. This source was similar to a blog, and was more reliable for a painting than for information. I used this image as context in my timeline.
Flinn Scientific. Basic Principles of Toxicology. YouTube. N.p., 3 Nov. 2012. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbOPLBYGKs8>. This video comes from a YouTube channel that focuses on teaching Chemistry. They are teaching one of the ideas that Paracelsus developed, which exemplifies how his discoveries are still being used today.
French Revolution. N.d. European Trips. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. <http://europeantrips.org/history-of-paris-france.html>. This website was more reliable for obtaining an image than it was for obtaining information because it was designed to help plan trips. This picture is useful to me, and I will use it in my timeline to give context.
Galen of Pergamum. N.d. National Library of Medicine. 192922. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223895/Galen-of-Pergamum>. I used this lithograph to show Galen, one of the people who was widely believed at the time. The purpose of including this photograph is so that people can become more connected with the people of the time, as well as understand why people might be inclined to believe his theories.
Galen of Pergamum. N.d. National Library of Medicine. 192922. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223895/Galen-of-Pergamum>. I used this lithograph to show Galen, one of the people who was widely believed at the time. The purpose of including this photograph is so that people can become more connected with the people of the time, as well as understand why people might be inclined to believe his theories.
Kerckring, Theodoor, and Antimony Thriumph Wagen. "Paracelsus, Archidoxis Magicae." The Ritman Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://www.ritmanlibrary.com/2012/12/adam-mclean-about-alchemy-on-the-amstel/screen-shot-2012-12-12-at-16-09-34/>. This is a photograph taken of Paracelsus' written work, the Archidoxis. This image allows the reader to better visualize the book, as well as other written works of the time period.
La Royalle Chymie. N.d. The Alchemy Web Site. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. <http://www.levity.com/alchemy/paracelsus_portraits.html>. This source was reliable and had many different images of Paracelsus. This was helpful because I used it in my timeline for context.
Paracelus. N.d. Aetherforce. Web. 10 Jan. 2015. <http://aetherforce.com/paracelsus-the-radical-alchemist-by-alan-g-hefner/>. I used this painting of Paracelsus for my background. Different paintings portray Paracelsus very differently, however this is painted from when he was older.
Paracelsus. N.d. Illustration. Louvre Museum. Paris. This is a painting of Paracelsus, however, he is portrayed very differently in each image that I have found on him. This picture allows the reader to better envision Paracelsus in his story.
Helmont, Flemish Mattheus van. The Alchemist. N.d. Photograph. Fisher Collection. This is an image of a medical practice that Paracelsus laid the foundation for in his metallurgy. This ended up being the basis for chemotherapy, and this painting demonstrates how Paracelsus' ideas were so advanced.
Coln. Paracelsus Holding Sword. 1567. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/paracelsus/introduction.html>. This is an image of Paracelsus that I am using as one of my first pictures. This image portrays Paracelsus as more of a human figure, rather than just a figure in a story, which allows the reader to more closely connect with him.
Printing Press. N.d. Blank Chapters. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. <http://www.blankchapters.com/2012/09/02/tools-that-changed-our-civilization-and-our-minds/#sthash.khep5Jsj.dpbs>. This came from a reliable source that gave lots of information about ancient inventions. I used this image to give perspective and context on the time period for my timeline.